Japan Galpi leh Zolei - I

~ Lyan Mang

Zogam leh a huzap phak gam ah hunbi simna ding in thil tung tuamtuam a thupi deuhte kizang sekh hi. Hiai lam toh kisai in hunbi simna din Aksi Kiak Kum chih bang, Khimjiin pi chih bang, Singtaam , Mautaam, Ni Sathpi Kum, chih bang ana kigen hi. Aksi Kiak kum in van a aksi tung si-al t eke-sukh zungzung dan in gen uhi. Tua banah hunbi simna poimoh mahmah khat leh a sawtlua hi nailou lah sawt mahmah ta khat tuh JAPAN GALPI ahi.

Chikha jaang Galphual

I zolei hon pehloh hial tak in bell au leh liing in, chimoh kisa lah hih ding dan tuan theilou in Galtai sawm pawl toh a tailou pawl toh a om khak bangbang un ana om bingbeng uh hihtuak. Gal hong tung leh ki nekha lou ding chi-a Huangvulh ganta, leh akta gou zengzung pawl toh kisaan tuak mahmah uh hihtuak. Zolei ah ahihleh kikapna Naselua omkei vanglak chih ding ahi. Himahleh , ana gen sek uh Chikha jang (Myanmar) a Gal phual a kikaptuahna mun ahihleh chimul thou khop in mulkimhuai dan a gen pawl om hi. Huai mun ah, singleh lout e bang thau tang in kap puk zengzung mai, puk zeng zung in kibiltan khiak ua, galphual mun bang ngial tuh gamlak chih omlou in ngil sim hethut hi ding hi. Hiai mun ah thuapi leh Tankte khong zang hial in ana kibei nekh-nekh uh hidan a gen pawl om hi. A nung in Camp luh pawl ten sik van tampi leh umleh bel tampi vala khia uhi.

Guite Kual lampang ah Bang?

Guite kual lampang ah leng gentheih ding om zeuhzeuh hi. Gallai ahi-a , Sinjawl Khua ah kua hiam Sagou , Vokgou dan a gen pawl om, omhi; Pisal bangzah hiam in a Innkatau uah a sa sem in tu tiptep ua, sa at pawl, saguh sat pawl leh a ngoi khuah pawl chih bang in kikhen uhi. Huchi-a a sa bawl uh zou kuan sim lampang chih ding in a tung uah, vaan lam ah Lenna hong leng ging VU-VOO hi, kawlmong lam apan hong suak a hong neh hiaihiai in, Amau leng LONG LENG ei chi in chimoh leh lauh mel pu kawm in ana en dedu geuh uh kichi. Huchi-a a tung zawn hong tun in khatvei velkual a, a etkhaik zoh in , kawl mong lehlam pang a lenpelh ding in leng suk ta hi. . Huchih lai , bangzah hiam te in chiam-nuih bawl kichi in, Sing khuah man in, Thau chihpian in ngim tou ua “Pung.. Dhol Poong Dhol.. Pung !!!” chi in Longlen pen kaplem kineih zenhouh uhi.

Chihphet leh, huai Long leng(Fighter) in ngaidah lua hia? Ahihke’h Galte sa taktak hia? Ahihke’h iplah huai sa hia? Thei khang ; kihek kawi ngiaingiai in hong leng kik thak a, Sinjawl khotung zawn khong ah BOMB-PI hong khesuk tultul mai chi uhi. Hong kesukh te a bultung in khut tum chia chia in kimu a , huaizoh in Khuai bu chia in, huai zoh in Aktuam chia sang a lianzaw (sauzaw) in lei deng sukh dup-doop hi kichi hi. A vek au puak hita maizen leh bang a suak ta maizen diu….. Sinjawll khua vut-le-vai suak ding ahi. TNT tampi bang suahkhe zou ding uh hia …. Maw. Tazen, Vangphat huai hi chini, khosung naih deuh a kete puaklou in a nawllam deuh a kia khat chauh kia puak kichi hi. Hiai bomb hawng te a khonung a kimu khate hichi bang ahi—jol piu-piau (cylinder shape) a monglang-nih tuak zum piu-piau, a lai zang a golna pen , diameter 1-1.2 feet khong ahi ding. A hawng sahdan (Shell thickness) ahihleh 1-1.5 cm vel khong ahi ding. Sik tak mahmah a bawl ahi ua a gik thei uhi. A saulam ahih leh 2-3 feet khong hi ding hi. Teltawk puakzak himaizen leh Mihing gentaklouh huangvulh ganta leh sing leh lou bang zah a kang mang maizen deh aw…. Tulai pau in DANGER himai.

Huai bomb hawng te a khonung in phelzak in om a, a sikte BiakInn dak ding bang, Tuzat heizat leh hiam hei tuamtuam ding bang a sek pawl om hi. Biak Inn bang zah hiam ah hiai Sinjawl bomb hal dakpi ding in kizang lai ding hi. Bomb Vuite thauvui ding bang leh Tuivai Lii a ngasa kapna/denna ding bang a zang pawl om kichi hi. Gua taang kal khat la ua, huai sung ah a vui, sudim in tatgak mitmet ua huai pen puansia toh zom in hal ua, Tuivai Lii a den ahih chiang in tui bang kikhoh (ki-fon) tou veng veng mai chi uhi.Huai zoh in huai mun ah Ngasa si tamlua ahihman in tuitung ah kilam ua, pak dim pheuphou mai chi uhi.. Huai lai khong in bel Tuivai ah bomb kihahzat nailou a, Ngasa bang leng tam mahmah lai hi.


Source: http://zogam.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4336&Itemid=124

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Japan Galpi leh Zolei-II

~ Lyan Mang

Kaihlam Tang Phu:

Tua I gensa Japan Galpi lai mah in fighter (longleng) khat tuahsiat ziak hia, Kaihlam Tang kanlah hia thei khang , kaihlam tang ah ana tualkhiak hi.Huchi bang a na kiak lam a theikha omlou bang in kuamah in kamteh in leng nei ngeilou uhi. A kiat mukha lou chih dial ah muh lua le uh kilawm, zanlai a kia houh ahia himai thei. Zanlai hilele a gingbek zakha on leh kilawm tuh hi-a..Ahih keilah huailai leh tulai khovel kibang nawn hetlou.

Huai lai a mite mawl leh Ukpi(Govt.) zahna lian mahmah a hihziak in a mukha te’n le kuahiam ukpi khutlum thuak khak lauh ziak a imm deuh uh leng hikha in teh. Kaihlam khomite’n leng Longleng kia ahihlam theilou bang in hunsawttak om uhi. Amau huai akiak na mun kigalmuh dan a pak vivek pen kawl ding peuh sa maimah in kuamah in awlmoh leh ngeingaih in neilou himhim uhi. Amau ngaihdan in huai lenna sik pakvikvek pen sik hilou in kawlsuang pak vikvek bang sa uh chidan in kigen hi. Huchi ahihleh bang chidan a kitheisuiah ahi ding? Kua hiam gamvak hat khat hia, nih hia, thum hia, theikhang , kidou nung kum 20/30 bang a pailiam nung in, huai kim a ava vakna ah bang hiam sik ahih dan hon thei a huchia a mun a hon etleh lenna kia ana hizenhouh hi. Ava mukha masa te zaw bang hiam a hangsan deuh, pasalpha deuh leh gamvak mi deuh ahi di uh. Huchia siklom ahih dan hong kitheih suah tak in, (kuamah zakdah louh di’n) Bell ah kuang a shun ding khong in va sum sek uh hiding hi. Huchi’n sapkangte Enmginepii en kuangkum bang belpi bang , buhbel, belkuang sin, leh um-le-bel kisuah thei hamham hi… manpha veve, zodawn a teng mimawlte adi;n van apan Manna hong kia bang hial hi. Akigen dan in huai lenna kiakna mun ah mihing luguh leh guh-le-tang saupipi, keumahmahta kimu lepluap a, sana hoih mahmah khat, huai le ana pailai leh hinglai kimu chi uhi.

CAMP LUH A KUAN:

Galpi ven zoh in Papi ngalhat deuhdeuh khenkhat te’n camp luih ding chi in, Sepaihte Camp khohna mun leh kikaptuah na mun deuh khong va delh uhi. Tuabang a camp lun deuh dan a kigen tuh I gensa Chikha Camp khong dan a gen pawl om uhi. Camp luh kichi pen, thagum tha tangh toh vadou leh vasat a luh chihna hi Zenzen lou in camp taisat sa sung a van laktheih om hiam chia va zong leh vavil chihna hizaw, Huchi bang camp luh te’n, van tuamtuam Kettle,nou, sikvan, thautnag , sikkeu, kuang leh booth(Khedap) chihte leh puan bang hon pua sek uhi. A kigen khat mikhat in a Camp luhna a tuibuuk um chia khong a lum khat honla a, inn tun a , a khetkhet leh puak chih bang kigen hi. Amau mawl lua mahmah lai unchin bomb(grenade) ahihlam bang thei selou dan uh hi ding hi. Camp luhte van lak sik vante tuzat hiam hei tuamtuam ding in sek uhi. Mun khenkhat bang ah Rifle leh Thauka (Machine Gun) huaituh tulai pau in Magazine bulh theih pawl mukhia leh khonkha pawl om dan in leng kigen hi.

Japante leh a Melput uh:

Tua I thupi gen din tulai in a poimohlou khat suak bang hi.Himahleh mit mahmah a na mu i-pipu te gen akipan laksawn dan in Japan te melput igensawn zual di. Ana mukhate gendan in, Japante eimi mah bang in, mineu ahihhang a hat melmahmah uh. A puan silhte uh leh khedap bulhte uh bang ana engthei mahmah dan uh ahi. Pipute tualpuan ninbimbem toh a muhkhop chiang in, a puansilhte uh leh a kithop dan himhim leh a ki zepna himhim ziak khong in lau in ana zahtak thei mahmah uhi. Ka Papi gen akipan “Amau a khedap uh savun sansim hiuhiau a gongsang leh taw sah biuhbeuh, ka muh in hoihsa petmah in ka eng petmah“ chi hi. Huai lai in eimite'n khedap but gentaklouh kehkol leng tenglou in Pasalte’n tualpuan zaa ana teng dan uh ahi.

GAATANGH GUIHNA:

Koilai adiam ah khat vei Japan te’n eimite kiang ah Gatangh tawi kawm in hiaite bang a zang uh ? chia a dot ua leh ka nek uh ahi chi in dawnna mu uhi. Huchia amau leng a gilkial utoh nektheih ahih ngeitak leh chi in emzok in ne ek giap uhi. Huchia hon nek chiang un bangzah hiam te gui in a sihloh pawl bang om dan in ana kigen hi. Ga sial nek chih thahah, haihuai petpet.!!!.

Source: http://zogam.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4402&ac=0&Itemid=32

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MIZO MEMORANDUM

MEMORANDUM SUBMITTED TO HIS MAJESTY’S GOVERNMENT, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AND ITS CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY THROUGH THE ADVISORY SUB-COMMITTEE BY THE MIZO UNION

MIZO MEMORANDUM

Memorandum of the case of the Mizo people for the right of territorial unity and solidarity and self-determination within the province of Assam in free India submitted to His Majesty’s Government and the Government of India and its constituent Assembly through the Advisory Sub-Committee for Assam and fully excluded areas and partially excluded areas.

Pursuant to the resolution passed by the General Assembly of the Mizo Union at Aijal in September 1946 subsequently supported by the Mizo Conference at Lakhipur (Cachar) in November 1946 this memorandum prepared by the Mizo Union and supported by the Mizos outside the Lushai Hills –Manipur State, Cachar, Tripura and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, etc.

The memorandum seeks to represent the case of Mizo people for territorial unity and integrity of the whole Mizo population and full self-determination within the province of Assam for the realization of which an appeal is made to His Majesty’s Government, the Government of India and its constituent Assembly to make a special financial provision from year to year for a period of ten years or until such time as the Mizos shall assert that they can maintain their self determination without this financial provision.

THE PEOPLE AND THE LAND

The Mizos are a numerous family of tribes, closely knitted together by common tradition, custom, culture, mode of living, language and rites. They are spread over a wider area extending far beyond Manipur State, Cachar, Tripura State, Chittagong Hill Tracts and Burma contiguous with the boundaries of the present Lushai-Hills District which was carved out arbitrarily for administrative purpose.

The Mizo people have been known under different names. They were wrongly identified as Kukis during the time of Lord Warren Hastings when Administrator of Chittagong sought help of the British against the Kuki raiders, and it continued to be applied to the whole group until 1871 when it was supplanted by the term Lushai as a result of the active and prominent part taken by the Lushai, sub-tribe of Mizo race, against the British Expedition known as the First Lushai Expedition. The present Lushai-Hills District was thus curved out of the Mizoland for administrative convenience and the Mizo people living within the District came to be known as Lushais while the other Mizos left out of the Lushai Hills District and annexed to the surrounding Districts, continued to be known as Kuki without their consent. However, the solidarity of the Mizo people as a race and a distinct block is testified by the name of places, mountains, and ranges of the Lushai Hills, Cachar, Manipur, Tripura, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Burma, known and called after the names of them. Shakespeare, Stevenson, Liangkhaia, Shaw, Kingdonward and Kim of the Statesman are some of the authorities on this.

The Mizos have nothing in common with the plains nor with the Naga or Manipuri, etc. They are distinct block. The areas now under their occupation are mostly hilly except the eastern portion of Cachar district extending to the Barial range in the North Cachar Hills. Wherever they go and wherever they are, they carry with them their primitive customs, cultures and mode of living in its purest origin, always calling and identifying themselves as Mizo.

The nomenclature of the word ‘KUKI’was and is known to the Mizos; it was a name merely given to them by the neighbouring foreigners.

Again, it was wrong that the word Lushai should be used as covering all the Mizo tribes since it is misrending of the Lusei, only sub-tribe of the Mizo race. Hence though perhaps, not originally intended, it has created a division. Only the word ‘Mizo’ stand for the whole group of them all : Lusei, Hmar, Ralte, Paite, Zo, Darlawng, Kawm, Pawi, Thado, Chiru, Aimol, Khawl, Tarau, Anal, Puram, Tikhup, Vaiphei, Lakher, Langrawng, Chawrai; Bawng, Baite, Mualthuam, Kaihpen, Pangkhua, Tlangau, Hrangkhawl, Bawmzo, Miria, Dawn, Kumi, Khiangte, Khiang, Pangte, Khawlhring, Chawngthu, Vanchiau, Chawhte, Ngente, Renthlei, Hnamte, Tlau, Pautu, Pawite, Vangchhia, Zawngte, Fanai, etc, all closely related to one another culturally, socially, economically and physically thus forming a distinct ethnical units.

TRADITIONAL ORIGIN

Traditionally Mizos claim descent from Sinlung, a mythical rock north of the Shan state. Migration by tribal group seems to have taken place about the beginning of the 5th century, halting at several locations from longer or lesser periods through the Shan state, Chindwin Valley and Chin Hills until they finally came to settle in their present occupied areas and the villages claimed by the various Mizo tribes, wherever their present habitat may be, as their original homes are within or close to the border of the present Falam Sub-Division.

THE MIZO POPULATION

[A] The Mizo people in the Lushai Hills alone number 1,46,900 with an area of 8,143 square miles according to the census of 1941.

[B] The Mizo population of Manipur State contiguous to the Lushai Hills again comes to about 70,000 with an area of about 3,500 square miles.

[C] The Mizo in the Cachar District contiguous to the Lushai Hills, the Mizo again number approximately 9,000 with an area of about 300 square miles.

[D] In Tripura state contiguous to the Lushai Hills, the Mizo again number approximately 7,000 with an area of about 250 square miles.

[E] In the Chittagong Hill Tracts, contiguous to the Lushai Hills, the Mizo population is generally approximated to be about 15,000 with an area of about 3,000 square miles.

[F] In the Chin Hills (Burma) also contiguous to the Lushai Hills who are now commonly known and termed as the Chins, number not less than 90,000 with an area of about 3,800 square miles occupied by them.

The total Mizo population of the contiguous area alone thus comes roughly 3,38,400 and the areas about 18,993 square miles.

It is a great injustice that the Mizos having one and the same culture, speaking one and the same language, professing one and the same religion, and knit together by common customs and traditions should have been called and known by different names and thrown among different people with their homeland sliced out and given to others.

The whole contiguous area of the Mizo population as detailed above occupies the middle and the most important portion of India’s Eastern Frontiers. It is, therefore, the more imperative that His Majesty’s Government, the Government of India and its constituent Assembly should do the just and proper thing and grant the Mizos their just demand for TERRITORIAL UNITY AND SOLIDARITY.

MIZO HISTORY AND BRITISH CONNECTION

The Mizo people were independent, each village forming an independent unity, and their country was never subjugated by the Maharajas of Manipur, Tripura and Chittagong nor by the Kacharis. However, there had been frontier clashes between the Mizos and the neighbouring people which ultimately brought the British to the scene in 1871. The Mizo country was subsequently annexed to the British territory in 1890, when a little less than half of the country was carved out for the Mizo people and named Lushai Hills while the rest have been parcelled out of the adjoining districts. Since the Mizos have remained loyal, friendly and peaceful. At all time, whenever the British needed help as World War I, Abhor Expedition., Houkip Rebellion, and World War II, the willing services of the Mizo people were readily available.

The Mizos have an efficient system of administration and discipline. Being a distinct block they retain to a considerable degree their ancient and traditional laws, and customs and organizations, beginning from village under the guidance of the Chief and the Elders, while young and old have their respective leaders in all walks of life.

Except in Cachar, the Mizo people are excluded from the Government of India’s Act and the areas inhabited by them are kept as a special responsibility of the Governor of the province in his capacity as the Crown Representative and the Legislature have no influence whatsoever. In other words, the Mizos have never been under the Indian Government and never had any connection with the policies and politics of the various groups of Indian opinion.

Now that the British are quitting these Mizos who have never been under the Indian government and whose ways are all different from others, cannot be thrown on a common platform with the rest of India. It is therefore, important to the highest degree that the Mizos be given self-determination in its fullest form.

THE PRESENT GENERAL CONDITIONS OF THE COUNTRY

As stated in the foregoing paragraphs, the Mizo areas are mostly excluded. The political officer is supreme in every respect. The Education is mostly carried on by the Christian Missionary groups. The general communication of the country is extremely poor. The land is extremely hilly without good roads; and the people poor and simple, primitive and divided into tribes and clans. The highest education is mostly derived from outside the district; but in mass literacy the Mizo people is highest in Assam. The people are mostly intelligent and as such given equal terms they always outshine their fellow-workers of other community in the fields at home. They are born strategist. Their greatest short-coming is lack of finance as a result of their trade and commerce and limited scope open for them. Their areas stretch from north to south parallel with the Burma border line for defence along the eastern border of India.

This being the background, it is all the more imperative that the Mizoram be given special financial provision by the Central from year to year while allowing them their territorial integrity as anything short of this will be detrimental to their upbringing. In other words, the Centre shall grant financial provision from year to year for the purpose of development of the country while the district shall join autonomous Assam through legislature with adequate representation and be also eligible to the provincial service with due reservations at the same time retaining their territorial integrity and self-determination : as otherwise thrown among forty crores of Indians the 3,38,400 Mizos with their unique systems of life will be wiped out of existence.

OUR CASE

In the light of the facts stated in the foregoing paragraphs and in view of geographical position and the strategical importance of the Mizoram for the defence of India and taking into consideration the unique characteristics of Mizo polity and compact block of Mizoland – this Memorandum is placed with the authority for –

[1] Territorial unity and solidarity of; the whole Mizo population to be known henceforth as Mizo and Mizoram for Lushai and Lushai Hills District, retaining the sole proprietary right over the land.

[2] Full self-determination with the province of Assam:

[A] With the National Council having the supreme legislative authority and executive body and judiciary within the district the composition and function of which will be prescribed by rules.

[B] Any concurrent subjects in which the district may be connected with the autonomous province of Assam or India as a whole shall be by negotiation with the national councils which will be set up; according to wishes of the general public, any legislation may be applied to the district only with sanction of the national council with any modification.

[C] Special financial provision by the Centre from year to year until such time as the Mizos shall assert that they are able to maintain their territorial integrity and self-determination without this financial provision.

ALL ABOVE ITEMS SHALL BE SUBJECT TO REVISION ACCORDING TO THE FUTURE TREND OF EVENTS TO THE EXTENT OF SECEEDING AFTER TEN YEARS.

For this end it is to be understood that the democratic system of Government in its purest form shall at the very outset be introduced. Passed and approved by the Mizo Union representatives conferences at Aijal, Lushai Hills, Assam on 22nd April, 1947.




26-4-1947


Sd/- KHAWTINKHUMA
President


Sd/- VANTHUAMA
General Secretary
The Mizo Union, Aijal,
Lushai Hills,
ASSAM

Source: zogam.org

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Legacy of Anti-Colonial Resistance: Zou Gaal (1917-1919)

The Zou tribe joined the so-called ‘Kuki Rising’ in Manipur against the British from 1917 to 1919. Hiangtam and Gotengkot Forts were two main centres of resistance among the Zous. Pu Doungul Taithul was the chief of Gotengkot, which was a fairly big and fortified Zou village . Captain Steadman was the man responsible for suppressing Gotengkot with considerable casualties on both sides. The Zou tribe was a non-Thado tribe to have participated in this abortive, yet bold attempt to oust the white imperialist from Manipur, even as a local folk song composed on the occasion of the revolt runs in the Zou dialect as follows:

Tuizum Mangkang kiil bang hing khang,
Zota kual zil bang liing e;
Pianna ka gamlei hi e! phal sing e!
Ka naamtem hiam a, i Zogamlei laal kanaw,
Sansii’n zeel e!
Ngalliam vontawi ka laulou lai e.

Free translation:

The seafaring White Imperialist coils like the ‘kill’ plant,
Tremors of earthquake do quiver the Zo world,
’Tis the land of my birth: I shall not part with it!
Stain’d with blood is my Sword
That has routed the adversaries of Zoland,
I shall yet fight with the wild Boar, injured [3].

This folk song of the Zou, reflecting the collective mind of the natives, indicated that the anti-imperial fervour was very high in 1918; and interestingly the Britishers were compared by the native mind with the wild Boar, or with a native wild creeper-plant called ‘kill’. Independent India justifiably took pride in its legacy of colonial resistance. In Manipur, the Palace uprising and Rani Gaidinlieu's movement are relatively well-known. However, the "Kuki Rising" and the participation of the Zou tribe was less well-known. There stands a dilapidated, tin-roofed hall called "Zogal Memorial Hall" at Zoveng, Churachandpur (Manipur) built in honour of the Zous who fought against British colonizers. The anti-colonial legacy of the Zou is a tribute to the multi-etnnic people of Manipur itself. However, the dilapidated condition of Zogal Memorial Hall reflects the lack of official patronage for its shared history and collective memory.

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ZOGAL - KATHANG E | Tv.Hangchin Munluo sulnua zuina

- By Hausienmuan, Delhi

Mualmite[hill people] vaihawm khum-a, leiman/tangseu [Land revenue], Khasana [house-tax] hon-a, pasal thahatlaite pawtpua [labour corps] azah ding thiltup [policy] mangkang ten zoulei ah hing nei uhi. Hinanleh tam galengmi/lubengmi [head-hunting]te talteng sitan bang in agaw chiang toh na pang uhi. Kum 20th century bullam mautam kial [sever famine-1915] umlai a ana ngaisahlou mangkangten kum 1917 in igam ua hunam in potpaw ding mi hing khawm ua, Zoulei zilbang a liing in, simbang zing in, numei naupang mangbang kaana ngaingam lou in khangsawn momnou khualnan zounam salpha ten i zoulei ah zogal nasat uhi.

Zogal pat in a um hi. Tam helna/galbawlna[uprising of 1917-1919] British ten kuki rebellion chin na record ua, Thadou ten thadou gal na chi uhi. Manirpur govt in Thadou gal leh Zogal chin na chiamte uh hi leh kilawm hi. Thadoute leh zouten galna satkhawm lou uhi. Jampi meeting a pang din zou hausate chial in um ua, hinanleh amaute naki khinkhia [kept aloof] uhi...[1]

Zogal kipat chil laI in hausaten sabeu*na hawm ua, singkho-aam [half burnt firewood] maltaphoh[red chilly] khochin ah na hawm uhi [*sabeu are a piece of meat distributed during war-time to a number of chiefs as a sign of a request for military alliance]. Tam bawldan galnei ihi chi etsah na leh pangkhawm dia ngetna zong zang uhi. Singngat a um Pu Kamkeleng in zong singkho-aam leh maltaphoh kikan khawm khomual ah mangkangte mu din na koi kha hi, ama kamkeleng apil leh chingkip thei deupen ahi zia in melmate [Britisher] panmun en dap din se in um hi, anam itt na zal a ana sepna ah khatvei thau a kaplup in um hi. Tunitan a bangma written record aum nai lou zia in[kathei khial lou leh Pu Kamkeleng zogal a ahinna pemasa pen a chiemte thei sua hi. Tam bang a ipu pa ten bang ding a hinna phal ngam a na pang uh e? Pianna igam lei ah kum 100 val na lun ua, pupa lugu phumna a salbang a aum mai ding uh ngaingam lou uhi. Kum 1772-1774 lai in mualmite[hill people] Burma apat in Lushei hills ah na pem lut ua, tualai a Lushei hausapa Lallula toh hing ki zawl un hing teng/khosa uhi.[2] Hing pem koi koi un zogam ah hing kithe ua,kho tuam tuam hing sat uhi, tam te lah ah Singngat zong na pang kha hi, zalentah in na um ua 1917 a mangkang ten a opkhum sawm un, zoulei humbit na ding leh khangsawn momnou khualnan Singngat salpha ten manghil vual lou thusim na nei uhi. Kum 1913 in tam potpuana[force labour, the obnoxious law of the British] Phaizang [valley] ah suhbei in um hi. 1915-1916 kikal lai in singtangmi ten zong tam potpuana a telsah lou [exempt] din ngetna [petition] na khia/pia uhi..[3].

Mangkangten na pompia lou ua1917 in zogal nasat uhi, Zounam salpha ten ngalliam vontoi zaulou a, anam tem uh sansi in a zel, Tv. Hangchin vangkhua sim bang in ziing-a a zogal sat ahingpan hi. Tuani in Tv. Hangchin Munlua in Tuivai lui apat in akhomual uh tummei in azial/tuam ahing mu hi, Tuivai lui a aloi tangval dangte angabehpi te toh lunghimo in Km-12 a gamla a vangkhua uh ahing nua del uhi, akhua uh singngat atun un mangkangte na kihemkhe man ua, nanleh Tangvalte adin kaat leh mei, shina, lungzinna, mangbatna leh lungsouna nuasia uhi. Tv. Hangchin in a inn mun ua numei lumkhat ahingmu a gingmo in ava et ta leh a naunu luang in na lamdawn hi. Salpha Tv. Hangchin bangchih laipou a melma mai a tai lou, gamsa leh dawi zau neilou, bangchih lai pou a pua lou a nuatawn lou ding pa`n a naunu luang ahing phoh in chimo leh beidong in hing kap khia a, "Aw laizon, aw laizom nanglah na na hi in, na tuai dawn laitah a tambang a na ha na pham mei, sinlung ah na e, taan dia laitan nahi sih bawi, na phu kala ding-a mangkangte luangthum in asang ding....." chin kihansial/chiam hi. Tuani apat Tv. Hangchin in Lal anawna`n a namtem sansi in zel hi. Ana thangpi mangkangte thum atha zou in gal ai bol a, atanu ten pasalpha et sahna in aahnel na aw sah uhi. Japan sepaih galsiam [samurai] te Singngat ah zou sepaih te toh um khawm chi report amu zia un mangkang ten vanleng in singngat khua na bomb uhi, tunitan in Singngat kholui ah tam bomb pohna munkua tamtah muthei nalai a bomb hel zong mu ding umna lai hi. Tua zou in Singngat khomite Tuivai pang ah va pem uhi. Asulnua uh suichian sem lei manghil vuallou thusim um hi. Singngat a galhangsan Pu Lagou lamkaih na in zezaw khomual[present] ah suangkhaiyhang [Basket of stone trap] toh mangkangte na lamtan[ambush] ua mangkangte si leh liam[casualties]tamtah um hi. Behiang, Hiangtam khote ah zong kikap tuana te um a suun thum leh zaan thum kikaptuana zong na um in asimthu uh kileel kaza kha hi. Tam zogal zia in zoukhua tamtah suhsiat [destroyed]in um a tamtah taisan[deserted] in um hi. Zogal sat zou kum 1920 in Manipur singtang gam teng sub-Division thum a khen in um hi.1]

Tamenglong sub-division[present west district] Mr. I william sdou/sdo[sub-divisional officer] 2]hurachandpur sub-division[present south district]sdou/S.D.O in Pu.Mr.B.C.Gasper na pang hi3]Ukhrul sub-division[present east district]SDOU/S.D.O in Mr.L.L.Peter na pang hi...[5]

Zogal sat zia in mangkangten vaihawmna[administration] hingpua pha ua,potpuana[labour corps/force labour]subei uhi,tuaban ah hausate thuneina zong nidang bang in umsah kia ua Hausaten minautang tungthu[civil case] mahni tawndan[own custom]a khenthei[judgement] din phalna[authorised]pia uhi.Tualeh meiteite apat in gam hingpia uhi gammap reserved hing bawlpia ua,hausate thuneina khangsem sem in det sem sem hi. Tam Zogal thukhupsitna din dohna khat um hi.I pu/pa ten zogal ana sat na uh Tuipi gal a potpua asi ding azau zia uh ahi diai?Ahilou leh zoulei khangsawn momnou te khualna zia ahi in mahni zalenna[independence]adei ua angai poima zia uha hi diai?It is criticaly in question.Athusimte uh,khuul[sub-terrenian region] apat ahing pem khiatna te uh, Thanghou liandoute, khupching leh ngambawmte, Lushei hills lama ana pemna te uh tua leh a zogal satna un khangsawn momnoute khual nan mangkangte ana dou uha hi chi sulang hi.Khansawn momnou sal a apianna gam a a um ding dei lou uhi.Tu in zong ei minuadel ihi lou na ding leh ipu ipa ten ahingkineppi na bang uh nibang a lun thei na ding in Hattuam leh nampi lamkai ten lung hing gel siam a zoudawn mial khu laiteng[literacy]galvan a thuam ding lung hing gel thei in Total literacy zounam pia ding sawm thei uleh dei um hi.Tua hileh mangkangte vanleeng agaw-chiang in izapkhe thei pan ding uhi. KA THANG E....KA ZOGAL SAAT.

For any comment or positive criticism,the writer may be reached out at momnou2001@yahoo.co.in

Reference:

[1][2][3] Pu.Khaikhotinthang Kipgen book'The Thadou war" page;2, preface p[vi] p;7.Singngat thu leh Tv. Hangchin Upa Khuokhanhau chief of singngat genna apat la sawn ahi.[5]Th.Thangkhochon,op cit;p 224.

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ZOMI REBELLIONS | Thadou, Zou & Haka Resistance Movement

In the year 1917, the British again faced another problem from a different group of Zomi. This movement was known by different names. In the Chin Hills, it was called the Haka Movement. Another name was Zou Gal (Zou War). The Thadous called it Thadou Gal (Thadou War). However, in the official records of Manipur it was known as Kuki Rebellion. Despite the official name, the most popular name was Zou Gal.

The forced raising of the Labour Corps from these areas was the main cause of the outbreak of the movement. To suppress this uprising the British Government spent more than 20 lakhs of rupees. The Thadou chiefs, Zou chiefs and the Haka chiefs were against this recruitment policy of the Government. Inspite of their strong protest, the British could manage to raise the first Manipur Labour Corps consisting of 2,000 Nagas and Zomi in the month of May, 1917 and they were sent away to France. From the Chin Hills 3,000 Zomi went to France and Subedar Mangpum was made the leader of the Zomi. Earlier 2,100 young men from the Lushai Hills District went to France voluntarily. In June, 1917, the Government again prepared to collect more volunteers but their policy was flatly refused by the Thadou chiefs in the month of September, 1917.

As a mark of protest against the British and to stop further recruitment, the Zomi in Manipur openly revolted against the British in the month of December, 1917. In Manipur, the rebellion spread like wild-fire, particularly in the Thadou inhabited areas—Jampi, Sangnao, Khauchangbung, Dulen and Laijang in the west; Chahsat and Maokot in the east; Mombi and Lonza in the south-east and Henglep and Loikhai (Ukha) in the southwest. The Chief of Aisan, Chengjapao, who was the “Piba” or head of the Thadous, sent orders to all the leading Thadou chiefs to resist the British with force, if necessary. A very important meeting was held at Jampi Village. The chiefs who attended the meeting were (a) Tintong Haokip, Chief of Laizang, (b) Khotinthang Sitlou, Chief of Jampi, (c) Songchung Sitlou, Chief of Sangnao, (d) Lamkholal Sitlou, Chief of Chongjang, (e) Letkhothang Haokip, Chief of Loikhai, (f) Vumngul Kipgen, Chief of Tujang, (h) Lhunjangul Kipgen, son of Vumngul and Enjakhup Kholhou of Thenjang, etc. The Thadou chiefs appointed Tintong Haokip as Field Commander of the war. Khotinthang Sitlou, the Chief of Jampi killed one Mithun to entertain the chiefs and “Sajam” was distributed to all the chiefs. Thus, a powerful conspiracy of the Thadou chiefs was established. And the Singson chief cut off the tail of a mithun as a mark of declaration of war against the British on behalf of his clan.

In response, between December 1917 and May 1918, three columns of the 3rd and 4th Assam Rifles were engaged in action. They burnt down a large number of villages and all the food grains and livestock were destroyed. But in spite of the ruthless methods employed by the columns of the Assam Rifles and their superiority in weapons and training, the rebel parties were able to inflict more casualties than they suffered. Towards the end of May, further operations in the hills became difficult and the forces withdrew to Imphal. In June-July, the British Government realised that military operations would be necessary to bring the matter under control and in the cold weather of 1918-1919, they started military operation. Such was their success that most of the chiefs began to surrender to the British.

In the south of Manipur, Hiangtam Fort was a noteworthy example where the Zou tribe of the Zomi picked up the gauntlet. The British soldiers fought hard for seven days continuously at the Hiangtam Fort. In this battle, Langzachin of Behiang and Goulun of Hiangtam village were the leaders of the Zomi.

In September 1917, the same type of rebellion broke out and spread in the Chin Hills area under the leadership of Vankio, the Chief of Zoukhua, who also declined to send volunteers for the British Labour Corps. He was joined by the Songte Chief of Haka and Lalwe, Chief of Thantlang. The activities of the rebellion very soon spread to the interior parts of Chin Hills. In early December 1917, Haka was blocked by the rebel party. They burnt down Government houses and the missionary hospital. The rebellion again spread to Zongling in Mindat and to the southern Lushai Hills, covering the upper Bawinu River to Wantu, Laitet and Ngaphai. In the meantime Shempu, a Zomi chief called on the Zomi of the upper Chindwin District and Somra Tracts to support the rebellion. However, the Thaungdut areas refused to do so and they extended their loyalty to the British. In any case, the rebellion led by Ngulbul, Pache, Tintong and Enjakhup continued from December 1917, to May 1919. The British took the rebellion very seriously.

To crush the rebellion, the British sent troops to Haka and to the Thadou inhabited areas. 18 villages were burnt down, and 600 guns were delivered to the British. Political control was resumed by the authorities in April, 1919 and in that month, an Advisory Tribunal was appointed in connection with the cases of the principal chiefs who were accused of involvement in the rebellion. Three persons, who were held mainly responsible for the rebellion, were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. Nine chiefs were interned in the neighbourhood of Sadia in the Sydyia Frontier Tracts for a short period. Five of the Khuangli tribe of Falam were deported to Burma.

After the suppression of the rebellion the officials of the British Government turned their attention to the improvement of the administration of the hill areas. They were of the view that all the recent happenings were due to the irregularities in the hill administration, particularly in Manipur. Sir Nicholas Beatson Bell, the Chief Commissioner of Assam was inclined to hold that the most satisfactory solution would be to place the hill tribes directly under the Political Agent with powers equivalent to those of a Sub Divisional Officer. At the same time, he was not in favour of any move to annex the hills.

It was laid down that the President of the Sub-Divisional Officer shall try all cases (both civil and criminal) in regard to the cases of hill people. But in cases of capital punishment like death sentences, or transportation or imprisonment exceeding seven years, the Governor’s confirmation has to be obtained. His Highness the Maharajah of Manipur was to consult the British Political Agent in all matters pertaining to the hill tribes. The Darbar exercised no direct control, but from time to time it tried to claim more indirect control through its power over the budget.

In 1919, the entire area of Manipur was divided into four sub-divisions with their headquarters at: (a) Imphal, (b) Churachandpur, (c) Tamenglong and (d) Ukhrul. This arrangement continued till January 1, 1930 when an arrangement for the administration of the hill areas was contemplated. The whole area was immediately placed under the President of Manipur State Durbar with two Sub Divisional Officers to assist him, one being in charge of the South and the other of the North.

In the Chin Hills also, the British released all the six Haka chiefs and leaders who were actively involved in the rebellion at Tedim. Apart from this, the British also could acquire a sizeable un-administered areas lying between the Chin Hills (about 850 square miles in the Pakkoku Hills Tracts) and about 1,500 square miles in the Hill District of Arakan. In order to bring about a regulation in the hill administration, they appointed headmen to settle their disputes. On the other hand, they also collected tribute from the villages. They also fixed new boundary lines of the newly acquired areas.


Source: http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_1692

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The great Kuki rebellion of 1917-19: Its real significances

- By Donn Morgan Kipgen

The Great Kuki Rebellion of 1917-1919 was a defining event not only for the Kukis but for all Manipuris as well. It was the finest hours of the Kuki nation, because of the very fact that the military juggernaut of the mighty British Empire was kept at bay for full two years by bands of Kuki warriors. The British troops were ambushed, harassed, picked off, booby-trapped, and tormented at will by the tenacious Kukis in the hill areas like Apache or Sioux Indians. The image of the British Raj and her much vaunted army was shattered. For all the Manipuris, the debacle at Khongjom was more than avenged. The British then realised that they could be defeated as well. The realm was up in arms, for they then realised that they lurked a tribe of sturdy, resilient and martial race called the Kukis in the foothills of lower Himalayas.

The British threw in all their resources for a quick subjugation of an ill-equipped hillsmen but it took a full two year with the greatest of difficulties logistically imaginable to finally bring an end to a rebellion of a great significance unheard of since the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. The British claimed a military victory, which actually should be more of political and administrative victory with the brute military showmanship. Even if it was recorded by the British (military) historians as a full military victory, (remember, history is written by the victors), it certainly was a pyrrhic victory. In short, the Britishers' gains (with their heavy losses) did not justify the means for the crown. The heavy price paid by the crown was best recorded in 'The History of Assam Rifles' by the then DIGAR, WJ Shakespeare (not the one from Avon, nor related) who himself was directly involved in the overall military operations, thus: "It (the Kuki Rebellion) therefore grew into the largest series of military operations conducted on this side of India since the old (full-scale) Expeditionary days Generals Penn Symonds and Tregear in the late (eighteen) eighties, or the futile Abor Expedition of the 1911-12, eclipsing them all in casualties and arduousness of active service".

Nothing could be truer than this description. However, what Col. Shakespeare failed to mention was the very fact that the Great Kuki Rebellion of 1917-19 was the longest, largest, costliest military operation in the whole of India since the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. It was also an absolute logistical nightmares for field commanders and inexperienced officers; that was exactly why 2000 fully armed soldiers, later on reinforced by over 5000 soldiers including Burma military armed police, took two full years, which was an eternity for the mighty Britishers vis-a-vis the size and status of the enemy, to subdue about 2000 Kuki militiamen with just about 1500 one-shot muskets and a 100 or so mountain guns but without adequate gunpowder and extra parts.

The sights of tenacious Kuki warriors picking out targets and stealth ambushes and resorting to scorch earth tactics would have been a demoralizing reminiscence of the Napoleon's Grand Armee' harassed and tormented by the Russians to the field observers in the first part of the rebellion. It was first armed jungle 'Guerrilla Warfare' faced and experienced by the British army in British India, a modern day equivalent of the Shivaji's Marathas and the Spanish rebels (which the great all-conquering Napoleon dubbed 'his Spanish Ulcer'). The Kuki warriors were undoubtedly the Crown's ulcers, which remained unremedied for two years during the height of her glorious days. The skirmishes were sharp and bloody. For young British officers, even field commanders, it was baptism by fire, a real live battle inoculation and an agonizingly unforgettable experience, which put them in good stead 20 years hence. The hard-earned lessons learned by those young officers and infantrymen barely out of their teens who eventually experienced the perils and miseries not taught, nor even acknowledged at the Sandhurst, nor instructed even at the West point for that matter, were nearly forgotten over the decades of peace.

The ingenious and most enterprising military tactics and finer points of guerrilla warfare learned from the resilient Kuki warriors over two years period and successfully improvised by the British field officers and operational commanders was finally put to maximum use after the Burma Retreat (1942) whey they, and the Americans too, were routed and overran by the Japanese Imperial Army in South East Asia in just too months period. The junior young officers and all ranks who suffered tactical setbacks at the hands of the Kuki militiamen during the height of the Great Kuki Rebellion and who also learned the 'art' of maximizing the most minimum resources perfected so successfully by the Kuki provisional army in so many stunning occasions were the senior field officer and operational commanders in mainland Europe and North Africa.

Desperate situation calls for desperate measures. Veterans of the Kuki Rebellion of 1917-19 were summoned by Lord Archibald Wavel along will the legendary Brig. Wingate (later on Maj Gen Orde Wingate of Burma fame) to train British (chindits) and Americans officers (Kachin Rangers) in the jungles of Assam and Manipur hills, especially the war operational areas of the Kuki Rebellion, to confront the much lesser forces of the jungle warfare experts Japanese Imperial Army on their own ground and in their own chosen conditions. The chindits and the American Kachin Rangers successfully tormented and demoralized the much larger Japanese ground forces in small numbers of not more than 30-35 specially trained real commandos. Like the small band (15-20) Kuki warriors who were excellent shots, the chindits and the American Rangers knew that the less the number, the lesser the targets (from enemies), the swifter the tactical retreats, the more the operations and the more the division of resources. The Kukis had always attacked in small numbers with stunning outputs, spreading their warriors to greater logistical field of operations, thereby totally confusing the war office at home as to the real number of the Kuki militiamen, and therein successfully stretching the limited resources and manpower.

The Kukis rebels would snared unwary British columns into a narrow pass or battle-field in the hilly areas and cut loose the netted big stones and boulders along the slope, thereby surprising them with deadly enterprising tactics, and then also cutting off the only small route for a retreat and reinforcement(s) from the British command Hqtrs. After pinning down the army column with death and injuries all around, the Kuki rebels peppered them with a remarkably well-directed volleys of incessant gunshots. On other occasions, the unwary British columns were most often than not 'welcomed' with home-made canons, mountain guns, with full of shrapnel. Therefore, a Kuki musket section would picked them off methodically from vantage positions with maximum 'returns', these Kuki warriors were arguably the first regular snipers in the history of Manipur.

The factual historical unrecorded fact pertaining to the early successes of the Kukis were due to the very fact that unlike the British troops, the Kuki marksmen never wasted even an ounce of gun power and bullets. One of the two most remarkable military tactics was that the Kuki rebels would always picked off/target the British and Indian officers and they preferred to cause serious injuries to the enemies so as to demoralize leaderless troops who invariably would remained confused and undecided. And then to seriously wound the infantrymen with another two less ready combat soldiers, for an injured needed to be tended and carried around. A dead soldier can be left behind buried but an injured cannot be abandoned. Moreover, the more the wounded or injured the slower the peace of their movement. The idea was that if you killed 20 soldiers out of 50, the rest 30 would come running down one's neck but to injured even 10 soldiers would mean only 10 men could ran after the ambushers. Another deviously successful tactic, which was put to good use by the American Kachin Rangers during WW (II), was to put sharpened stakes planted under cover on either side of the road or jungle route, so when the Kuki rebels sent volleys of shots at the British troops, the soldier would automatically dive on either side of the road (nullah), with indescribable effects. Because of this, the Kukis were the only nation, which was defeated outrightly in open battlefield militarily by the great British Empire. All the Kuki leaders/commanders were treacherously invited to capitulate with a promised general amnesty, with a dire threat that all Kuki men, women and children and their settlements would be destroyed mercilessly. However, they were all tried as war criminals and ruthlessly sentenced to long years of rigorous imprisonment.

The war was brought to an end on 20th May, 1919, the losses received by the British army were:-
Killed in Action Wounded in Action
British officer 02 05
Indian officer 02 02
British sepoys 30 100
Indian sepoys 34 47

The total number of those British soldiers who died due to wounds, injuries and other diseases were officially recorded as 477.

Though Though the Britishers won the war, the Kuki nation, with its sheer courage, tenacity and resilient, could and did claim full moral victory. In this great Kuki Rebellion of 1917-19, honours were even. The Kukis were subdued during and in their finest moment in history.

Courtesy: The Sangai Express

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Zou Gaal (1917 - 1919 AD)

Zo [Zou] galkapte leh Mângkâng gâlkâpte kidoudân tambang ahi

Mângkâng uhpite’n France tuipi gâl (Ist WW) dou dîngin nawthaw thu leh thagum zang in Zo te ahing kaisawm zieh un Zogam zalênna a amaute hing kithuneisah uh chi in Zote’n Mangkângte tung ah gâl ahing bawl uh a Mângkâng gâlkâpte tampi athat uh a abei tadongun adou sawm uh hi. Zogâl lâi a Zo te ana panna munte uh akithei deuteng: -Sugnu, Gotengkot, Hiengtam, Buhsâu, Behieng, Muollum, chite ahi. Zo te vanzah ahileh thalpi, teipi, pumpi, nâmsâu, zouthâu, suongtum, singtun, tangluong, ahi.

Akigêndân in Zo te pên lunglien mama uh ahizieh un, Mângkângte’n vânlêng apat a bomb kahing khiehlu dîng uh ahi, achi chieng un “Na vânlêng uh âhgochieng pou a ka vâtkiehsah dîng uh ahi”. chi in Zo te’n ana dawng uh hi.

Khumlâi a , lamkâi khat a pang Pu Goulun ahi a, ama pên mi thahât leh mi hângsan ana hi hi. Mângkângte gâlkâpte toh Hiengtam khuo ah nasatahin akikâptuo uh a mi tampi athat uh hi. Pu Goulun in shina ahing tuohta chiengin Zo te guollel ta hi. Zo te France tuipi gâl kâp dîng in amanta uh a apomangta uh hi.

Zo gal hing piendan: - Europe ah kum 1917-1919 sungin Gâlpi ahing kipankhie hi. Leitung Kidoupi I (khatna) zong akichi hi. Tam hunlaiin ei gam zong Mângkângte uhna nei ah ana om hi. Tami Kidoupina a vanpo dîng (Labour Corps) a kuon dîngin Mângkângte'n nawthaw thu in ang pâukuonsah dîng hing chi uhhi. Tam thu ziehin Mângkângte vâihawmna nuoia, a lungkimlouna uh danteng belap in thangpâina hing uong segawp in thagum pan khong uhhi.

Mângkângte vâihawmna nuoia a lungkimlounate uh tam aneiteng ahi: -

1. Panchi/Hill house tax chi'a kumpi'n kum khat a dangja teng thum innsuon a adon zing uh.
2. Lampute thunei seng u'a, hausate dinmun kengiemsah.
3. Vanpo dînga kipawng matna jieh (Labour Corps).
4. Kumpi'n khentuom paituom anei jieh.
5. Sahkhuo/biehna thu a, a lungkimlouna jieh uh.

Tam Mângkâng gâlkâpte toh kidouna khu Labour Corps chi minvaw a vanpo dînga kipawng matna apata hing kipankhie ahi. F.B.Blackie lamkaina in honkhat adiehin Europe gam a France gam adîngin Zingha (May) 1917 in ana kuondoh uhhi. Aniveina dîngin J.C Higgins, Manipur Political Agent saina in Muohla (June) 1917 a kuonkiana dîng ahZokuol sungah buoipina a'ng tungta hi. Kipawngnaw thuohthei lou leh amau-leh-amau kivaihawm a zalêntaha na khosa zing Zo tate'n tam Mângkângte thupieh nielin a zallênna uh kepbit a'ng sawmta u'a, tam kiphinna khu Zo Gâl (Zou War of Independence) akichi hi. Tualeh, Tangthu giel khenkhatte'n Kuki Rebellion zong a chi uhhi. Zo suonte'n vanpo dînga akuon utlou thu uh Manipur a Mângkângte Political Agent J.C.Higgins kungah hil nân uhleh na kuon dîng uh ahi chi thupieh a om thouthou hi. Mângkângte Zo te man dîngin hing kuon ngeingei dîng uhhi, chi theichienta uhhi.

Tuachi'n Hiengtam khuo ah Zoute'n kikhopna anei u'a, kimatsah lou dîng chi thupuasahna aneita uhhi. Khumi jou in Haokip lamkaite chielna bangin Zou galkap 80 val Pu LangZaChin lamkaina in Luoikhai khuo ah vakuon uhhi.

Tam mun ah khoneite voh khat ana tha in asa huon uh sou panpan chilâi vêlin Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n khotaw lampan in ang kâptouta uhhi. Zou gâlkâpte'n pan a, kikaptuo dînga achi u'leh Haokip lamkâite'n nang joulou thouthou dîng kâp kawmkawm in kihlep mangsan vai achi zawh jiehun kihêm mang u'a, amaute zong amau biel vêng a, nana nang dîngin ang kilekiata uhhi.

Pu Mangzathang Dopmul in Zogal atapna la: -

A. Tuizum Mângkâng kîl bang hing khang,
Zo ta kuol zil bang nung lîng,
Pienna ka gamlei hie phal si'ng e.

B. Pienna gamlei leh i Zogam nuom,
Lal ka naw ka namtem sansi'n zêl e,
Ngalliem vontawi ka lau lou lai e!

Pu Suohgou Munluo La:

I. Dougal pallaw ka zuo leh tun aw,
II. Na von hanlung ka chiemna hi e,
III. Hanlung chiem ing, Lalhen in thang ing,
IV. Khomuol hanzaila ka sah hi e.
V. A.Giel ing e, thelna nuoi ah zaal ing e,
VI. Muoldung tângtawn sakâmkei bangin Lungtup khomuol ah suo’ng,
VII. Hn zaidei tawi ing e.

SUGNU

Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n Sugnu munpi a nei in Zokuol lu dînga hing kuonte Tuibom mun (Chakpikarong khogei a lui lampi a kânna a, annhuon a, a oplâi un Zo galkapte'n vabukâp u'a, Mângkâng gâlkâp tampi khat a vathat uhhi. Tam mun a Mângkâng gâlkâp lamkâipa khu Capt. Steadman ahi.

Tami mun a gâlkap a pang Pu Goulien Suontah in tambangin la ana phuo hi:

Shimâila 1:

A. Tuizum pan leidou hing khang e
B. Tuonglam ah matân ing e
C. Tuonglam ah matân ing aw e,
D. Tuibom ah lâl luong aw'ng e.

Shimâila 2:

A. Tun ânglâi pan kipan ing e,
B. Lentu ah sangmâng la'ng e,
C. Kawi ânglâi pan kipan ing e,
D. Tuibom ah lâl luong aw'ng e.

Tuibom mun apan tai 7/8 vel a om Hâika khuo ah Zou gâlkâpte'n kulpi bel in ana pang uhhi. Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n tam kulpi khu Tuibom a akikâpjou uh sawtlou nua in asim uhhi.

Pu Semkholun, Pu Kamdem leh Pu Songkhopau lamkaina in tam kulpi na vêng in Mângkâng gâlkâpte toh nasatahin in ana kikâptuo uhhi. Tam mun ah Mângkâng gâlkâp11 ashi uhhi. Alamkâipa uh Capt Steadman zong nasatahin aliem a, hun sawtlou nua in shita akichi hi.

Capt Coote lamkaina toh Hâika a'ng simkia ni un Zou gâlkâpte'n tuamun a ana nuasie tâh jiehun koima mat leh tha a nei sih uhhi. Tuachi'n Hâika panmun khat a nei in Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n Hâika apat gamlalou a om Mawngjang khuo avahaltum uhhi. Tam bân ah Hâika apat Gunpi hing gâlkâi in Gotengkot kulpi a'ng bulu uhhi.

GOTENGKOT

Gotengkot kul ah Pu Thawngkhai, Pu Ngulbul, Pu Sumthong leh Pu Sumkhohaute lamkâi uhhi. Tami kulpi ah Zou gâlkâpte leh Mângvungte apang uhhi. Zou gâlkâpte khu kotgêng mun tah ah apang u'a, Mângvung te khu muol tungah apang uhhi, Muoltung lam ate'n Suongkhaithâng angâh uhhi. Tam kul panmun khu a opna mun kitupta sêng ahimanin Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n huphul mama uhhi. Tam mun lu dînga hing pei Mângkâng gâlkâpte khu Pu Doungul lamkaina a kotgêng a,pangte'n a'ng kâppai uhhi.

Tuatahin, muoltung lam a pangte'n suongkhaithâng a'ng sâtpel uhleh Mângkâng gâlkâp tamtah suongtum kiliate'n adenglumta uhhi. Muolvum lam a pangte bân ah kotgêng ate toh kikâptuo uh a, Mângkâng gâlkâpte pangtheilou in tampitah a kâplum uhhi. Tam kikâpna ah Pu Doungul chilou Zou gâlkâpte ashi omlou hi. Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n phubala dîngin hing lukia ngeingei dîng uh chi thei uh ahimanun Zou gâlkâpte' tam mun akihlep mangsanta uhhi. Mângkâng gâlkâp shite Kana lui pieu ah luong 30 ahal uhhi.

MUOLLUM

Zou gâlkâpte beng dîngin Singngat tâng lam a'ng naw kiata leuleu uhhi. Tuachi'n Muollluom a om Zou gâlkâp honkhat kuon in Zezaw lui pieu a Mângkâng gâlkâpte annhuon lâi avabukâp uhhi. Tam kikâptuona ah Zou gâlkâp Pu Henzakhup leh Pu Luntun ashi uhhi. Mângkâng gâlkâpte zong phabeppi khat shi dîng u'a gintât ahi. Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n malam hing nawt zel in Muollum a'ng luo u'a tuanah Thana in atou uhhi. Zou gâlkâpte'n Muollum aguh in vaveldap zing u'a,Tuikhuh lampi leh mun lemtângtâng ah dappan in vakâp zêl uhhi.

Suongkul/thong kete:-

1. Pu Tawnghau Munluo
2. Pu Henkham Tawtah
3. Pu Lagou Mântuong
4. Pu Lampum Tungdim
5. PuGoulun Mânlun
6. Pu Suonkham Samte
8. Pu Suohgou Munluo
9. Pu Salet Âhgâl
10. Pu Heltawng Mate.

Tami Zo gal sunga Lamkâi khenkhatte anei a bang ahi:-

01. Pu Lanzachin Mânlun
02. Pu Henthang Lienzaw
03. Pu Goulun Mânlun
04. Pu Amthang Munluo
05. Pu Lunzamang Manlun
06. Pu Lagou Mântuong
07. Pu Tawnghau Munluo
08. Pu Simmothang Tawtah
09. Pu Letzalun Munluo
10. Pu Thangsuo Phiemphu
11. Pu Mangkhopau Manlun
12. Pu Thanglang Tâithul
13. Pu Kamkeleng Thangnawh
14. Pu Sumhau Tungdim
15. Pu Khankham Munluo
16. Pu Hangchin Tawtah
17. Pu Goichin Munluo
18. Pu Suonkham Mate
19. Pu Suonkham Samte
20. Pu Selkhothang Mate
21. Pu Thongkhup Tungnung
22. Pu Lunchin Lienzaw
23. Pu Letkam Mantuong
24. Pu Lienkhup Lienzaw
25. Pu Ngulsel Lienzaw
26. Pu Lettong Âhgâl
27. Pu Tutzakham Innpi
28. Pu Sakitawng Âhgâl
29. Pu Letzanang Mântuong
30. Pu Zatut Tungdim
31. Pu Kamdem Tungdim
32. Pu Salet Âhgâl
33. Pu Kamsong Mânlun
34. Pu Lienthang Mânlun
35. Pu Sachin Mântuong
36. Pu Henkhup Mântuong
37. Pu Pumngullien Hângvung
38. Pu Ngullung Mânlun
39. Pu Heltawng Mate
40. Pu Khupzakham Mate
41. Pu Nohneng Phiemphu
42. Pu Kolngul Munluo
43. Pu Liensuong Munluo
44. Pu Lienthuon Mânlun
45. Pu Suohvel Dopmul
46. Pu Goulien Dopmul
47. Pu Zuonkham Tungdim
48. Pu Selkhokam Mate

SINGNGAT

Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n mabân hing sawn zel in Singngat kulpi lu dînga ahing kuon lai un Zou gâlkâp gâlvil diinga kuon nite lah a khatpen galte en diinga singdawn a avakaatou leh Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n na mu in a gâl kâp uhleh apheipi langkhat kha a, amapa zong peithei nawnlou ahimanin aguolpa'n Singngat kulpi tan apotung hi. Tambang vângsietna atuo bân u'ah aliempa abuoipina uh toh Zou gâlkâpte'n Singngat kulpi vêngbit jouta lou uhhi. Tuachi'n Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n Singngat hing luo in Thana in ahingtou zawm zêl uhhi.

HIENGTAM

Singngat apanin Zou gâlkâpte kipunkhawmna mun Hiengtam kulpi lu dîng dân a'ng ngaituota uhhi. Hiengtam kulpi lu dînga hing kuonte'n "Nang kipieh khiet sih uhleh mun dang ka bawl bang u'a chizâtna bei a hing bawl dîng ka hi u'a; tualeh na kul uh vânlêng toh hing kâp dîng hi ung" achi uhhi. Tuabep in Pu Goulun in "Vânlêng a nang kâp uhleh Ahgochieng in ka'ng na vâtkhe pai dîng uhhi." chi'n adawng hi.

Hiengtam kulpi nisagi vingveng a'ng kikâp nua uhleh thâugin khawlna a sawtsim bepin Pu Kamkeleng gâl en dîng a kuldawn a , akâtou leh Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n na kâp in alutang a kha a, amun ah ashi pai hi.

Pu Suonkham zong thâutang in alutang akha a ashi kia leuleu hi. Sawtpi akikâp nua un Zou gâlkâpte akihemmangta uhhi. Hing kipekhie uh chi'n, Hiengtam khuo kimvêl lah a khote avabân lu zêl uhhi. Tonjang ah Pu Lunzamang, Pu Sumhau, Pu Tankithang, Pu Lamzakhai, Pu Selki-thang, Pu Tungzakham leh Pu Thatlunte lamkâina in akikâptuo kia u'a, nang jou tuomlou in kihêmmang zel uhhi. Tuamabangin, Hita ah zong Pu Suohvêl leh Pu Thanglang lamkaina in ana dou uhhi. Amaute'n zong nang jou tuonlou in akihêmmang zêl uhhi, Tuachi'n Mângkâng gâlkâpte munchin ah a'ng kithâp suohta uhhi.

Akipekhe diinga gihna leh chielna khu pumpêl theita lou leh bitzawna diinga ngaisut in Mângkâng gâlkâpte khuta kum 2(ni) vingveng sung akidoutuo jou un 1919 kum in Hiengtam khuo ah tam anei a lamkâite akipekheta uhhi:-

Pu Goulun, Pu Langzachin, Pu Lagou, Pu Tonghau, Pu Henkham, Pu Vungdam, Pu Suohgou, Pu Heltawng, Pu Lampum, Pu Suohkham, Pu Salet chite ana hi uhhi. Imphal (Phâipi) thong ah a unpi un akikhum uhhi. Kum khat vêl jou in Kumpi in ahing hâkheta uhhi.

BUHSAU

Muollum apatin Buhsâu avabulu uhhi. Tam mun ah Zou gâlkâpte na pangin nasatah a kikâptuona a om hi.Tam mun ah Zou gâlkâpte lah ah Pu Lienkhup, Pu Thangchin, Pu Henthang leh Pu Thangliente ashi uhhi. Mângkâng galkapte'n pumpi(canon) hoileh hat mama azah baan u'ah thau hoitahtah tawi uh ahijieh un Zou gâlkâpte'n nang joulo in tam khuo zong Mângkâng gâlkâpte'n la in susie u'a, mei in ahâltum uhhi.

SOURCE: CHINTHU ZAILA BY Zou Lai Saipawl (Zou Literature Society, Manipur 2002)

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